Victimology Quiz Crafted by -
Rashika Gupta
GSOC Operator, ServiceNow Software Development
M. Sc. Criminology (Specialized in Forensic Psychology),
National Forensic Sciences University,
Ghandinagar, Gujarat.
Introduction to Victimology
Victimology is the
scientific study of victims. Victimologists focus on a range of victim-related
issues, including estimating the extent of different types of victimization,
explaining why victimization occurs to whom or what, the effects and consequences of victimization, and examining
victim’s rights within the legal system. Victimology is characterized as an
interdisciplinary field- academics, practitioners, and advocated worldwide from
the fields of criminology, economics, forensic sciences, law, political science,
public health, psychology, social work, sociology, nursing, and medicine focus
on victims’ plight. The latin word victim means “sacrificial animal”, but the
term victim has evolved to include a variety of targets, including oneself,
another individual, a household, a business, the state, or the environment.
Victimization is the outcome of deliberate action taken by a person or
institution to exploit, oppress, or harm another, or to destroy or illegally
obtain another’s property or possessions.
The act committed by the offender is usually a violation of a criminal
or civil statue but does not necessarily have to violate a law. Harm can
include psychological or emotional damage, physical or sexual injury, or
economic loss.
Now
Let’s see the questions with their Answers and explanations:
Que 1. The
Book Criminal and His Victim is authored by:
a) Benjamin Mendelsohn
b) Hans Von Hentig
c) Marvin Wolfgang
d) Enrico Ferri.
Answer- (b) Hans Van Hentig
Explanation:
Hans Von Hentig
was a German criminologist who developed a typology of victims contributed to
causing the criminal act. Examining the psychological, social, and biological
dynamics of the situation, he classified victims into 13 categories depending
on their propensity or risk for victimization. His typology included the young,
female, old, immigrants, depressed, wanton, tormentor, blocked, exempted, or
fighting. His notion that victims contributed to their victimization through
their actions and behaviours led the development of the concept of
“victim-blaming” and is seen by many victim advocates as an attempt to assign
equal culpability to the victim.
Que 2. Restitution
is the term applies to
a) Cash or kind paid by the offender to the
Victim.
b) Cash or kind paid by the Government to
the Victim.
c) Cash or kind paid by the
Non-Governmental organization to the Victim.
d) Cash or kind paid by the victim to the
offender.
Answer-
(a) Cash or kind paid by the offender to
the Victim
Explanation:
Restitution is
designed to compensate crime victims for their losses. Courts have the ability to order that a defendant
pay restitution—which this article focuses on—in order to compensate a victim
for financial losses related to a crime.
Que 3. Who
has propounded Routine Activity Theory of Victimology?
a) Felson and Cohen
b) Young Rifai
c) Mendelsohn
d) Stephen Schafer.
Answer- (a) Felson and Cohen
Explanation:
Felson
and Cohen (1979) formulated routine activities theory to explain changes in
aggregate direct-contact predatory (e.g. murder, forcible rape, burglary) crime
rates in the United States from 1947 through 1974. Routine activities theory
posits that the convergence in time and space of a motivated offender, a
suitable target, and space of a motivated offender, a suitable target, and the
absence of a capable guardian provide an opportunity, if not prevent it
altogether. Routine activities theory does not attempt to explain participation
in crime but instead focuses on how opportunities for crimes are related to the
nature of patterns of routine social interaction, including one’s work, family,
and leisure activities.
Que 4. Which
section of Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) deals with Victim Compensation
Scheme.
a) Section
357 A CrPC
b) Section
345 CrPC
c) Section
401 CrPC
d) Section
455 CrPC
Answer-(a) Section 357 CrPC.
Explanation: Section 357A of Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC)
Que 5. Who
among the following has used the term “Penal Couple” for the first time in
Victimology?
a) Hans Von Hentig
b) Talcott Persons
c) John Howard
d) Benjamin Mendelsohn.
Answer- (d) Benjamin Mendelsohn.
Explanation: Benjamin
Mendelsohn (1976), an attorney, has often been referred to as the “Father of
victimology”. Intrigued by the dynamics
that take place between during the course of preparing a case for trial. Using
these data, he developed a six-category typology of victims based on legal
considerations of the degree of a victim’s culpability. This classification
ranged from the completely innocent victim (e.g. a child or a completely
unconscious person) to the imaginary victim (e.g. persons suffering from mental
disorders who believe they are victims).
Que 6. The
Principle of LexTalionis had been laid down in:
a) Arthashashtra
b) Code of Hammurabi
c) Mosaic Code
d) Smritis
Answer-(b) Code of Hammurabi
Explanation: Hammurabi’s Code
is one of the most famous examples of the ancient precept of “lextalionis,” or
law of retribution, a form of retaliatory justice commonly associated with the
saying “an eye for an eye.” Under this system, if a man broke the bone of one
his equals, his own bone would be broken in return. Capital crimes, meanwhile,
were often met with their own unique and grisly death penalties. If a son and
mother were caught committing incest, they were burned to death. Even a
relatively minor crime could earn the offender a horrific fate.
Que 7. Who
evolved the concept of Victim Precipitation?
a) Al
Fattah
b) Marvin
Wolfgang
c) Hentig
d) Mendelsohn
Answer-
(b) Marvin Wolfgang
Explanation: Marvin E.
Wolfgang: The first empirical evidence to support the notion that victims are
to some degree responsible for their own victimization was presented by Marvin
E. Wolfgang (1958), who analysed Philadelphia’s police homicide records from
1948 through 1952. He reported that 26% of homicides resulted from victim
precipitation. Wolfgang identified three factors common to victim-precipitated
homicides: 1) the victim and offender had some prior interpersonal
relationship, 2) there was a series of escalating disagreements between the
parties, and 3) the victim had consumed alcohol.
Que 8. Victimology
is the study of the relationship between the Victim and the ….?
a) Crime
b) Offender
c) Law
Enforcement
d) Family
Answer-
(b) Offender
Explanation: Victimization
is the process of being victimized, either from a physical or a psychological
or a moral or a sexual point of view. Despite the crucial role of the victim,
historically the victimization process was studied above all from the
offender’s point of view, in order to
focus on their motivation and the causes of offending.
Que 9. Which
theory best describes the relationship between the victim and the offender in
the crime you
witnessed on your way home?
a) Karmen's
Theory of Victimology
b) Mendelsohn's
Theory of Victimization
c) Pavlov's
Law
d) Victim
blaming
Answer- (a) Karmen's Theory of Victimology
Explanation: Andrew Karmen’s
wrote a book called, “Crime victims- An Introduction to Victimology” in the
year 1990. He mentioned that in the sphere of criminal justice, the word victim
describes any person who has experienced injury, loss, or hardship due to the
illegal action of another individual or organization. Victimology refers to the
scientific study of victimization, including the relationships between victims
and offenders, investigators, courts, corrections, media, and social movements.
Que 10. NOVA
means:
a) National
organization for Victim Assistance.
b) National
operation for Victim Assistance.
c) National
organization of Vulnerable Assistance.
d) Natural
organization for Value Assistance.
Answer-
(a) National Organization for Victim
Assistance.
Explanation: The
National Organization for Victim Assistance (NOVA) is a private, non-profit,
501(c) (3) organization of victim and witness assistance programs and
practitioners, criminal justice agencies and professionals, and others
committed to the recognition and implementation of victim rights and services.
NOVA’s mission is to promote rights and services for victims of crime and
crisis everywhere.
Que 11. Victim
Advocacy means:
a) Dealing
with Prosecution
b) Dealing
with Judicial Process
c) Dealing
with offender needs and Assistance
d) Dealing
with victim needs, assistance and participation.
Answer-(d) Dealing with victim needs, assistance
and participation
Explanation: Victim Advocates
are professionals trained to support victims of crime. Advocates offer victims
information, emotional support, and help finding resources and filling out
paperwork. Sometimes, advocates go the court with victims. Advocates may also
contact organizations, such as criminal justice or social service agencies, to
get help or information for victims. Victim advocates may also be called
service providers, victim/witness coordinators, or victim/witness specialists.
Que 12. Lifestyle
Theory of Victimology based on which of the following concept:
a) Motivated
offender and Absence of guardianship.
b) Target
Victim and Motivated offender.
c) Motivated
offender, Target Victim and Absence of Guardianship.
d) None
of the above.
Answer-
(c) Motivated offender, Target Victim
and Absence of Guardianship
Explanation: Lifestyle Theory
suggests that certain people may become the victims of crimes because of their
lifestyles and choices. For example, someone with a gambling or substance
addiction could be as an “easy victim” by a con artist. Walking alone at night
in a dangerous area, conspicuously wearing expensive jewellery, leaving doors
unlocked and associating with known criminals are other lifestyle
characteristics that may lead to victimization.
Que 13. According
to Mendelsohn and Wolfgang, Hapless Dupes means:
a) Victim
precipitation
b) Victim
who creates their own victimization
c) Who
is unintentionally involved in their own victimization
d) All
the above.
Answer-(d) All the above.
Explanation: They
were two main victimologists who began the study of victimology after Marvin
Wolfgang, Benjamin Mendelsohn and Hans von Hentig. They were considered “the
fathers of victimology”. Benjamin Mendelsohn conducted a rape study in 1940,
where he interviewed victims to obtain information. From that information he
concluded that most victims had an “unconscious aptitude for being victimized”.
Mendelsohn also created a typology of six types of victims. Only the first type
which is called the innocent type doesn’t put the blame on the victim, they
were simply in the wrong place at the wrong time. The other five types
represent the victim precipitation. Hans von Hentig focused mainly on homicides
and also came up with his own typology of four types of homicide victims. These
types were: the depressive type, the greedy type, the wonton type, and the
tormentor type. Definition of hapless Dupes according to Mendelsohn and Wolfgang includes
all the above option.
Que 14. Father
of Victimology is:
a) Hans
Von Hentig
b) Stephen
Schafer
c) Benjamin
Mendelsohn
d) Zurr
Answer-(c) Benjamin Mendelsohn
Explanation: Benjamin Mendelsohn, an attorney, has
often been referred to as the “Father of victimology”.
Que 15. What prevents future crime by removing the defendant from society?
a) Incapacitation
b) Retribution
c) Restitution
d) Reformation
Answer-(a) Incapacitation.
Explanation: Incapacitation
refers to the restriction of an individual’s freedoms and liberties that would normally
have in society. Within the criminal justice system, incapacitation is the
response used when a person has committed a crime. By incapacitating the
convicted offender, we prevent the individual from committing future crimes
because he is removed from society and locked up or restrained somehow.
Incapacitation only attempts to prevent crimes from being committed in the
future.